A model of scar pathology tissue of a human body part caused by exposure to the Nagasaki atomic bomb was made and exhibited at the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum. A keloid model of a Nagasaki atomic bomb survivor was made using a moulage.

 A model of scar pathology tissue of a human body part caused by exposure to the Nagasaki atomic bomb was made and exhibited at Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum. The model is a keloid pathology specimen of a burn wound from the right face to the neck. A model of keloidal tissue from a Nagasaki atomic bomb survivor was made using a moulage technique.

　　This is a model of a keloid pathology specimen of the right upper arm to forearm and fingers, with the wrist joint of the right hand extended and the fingers flexed and contracted. The Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum exhibited in the A-bombed section a melted glass bottle, a charred lunch box, a photo of a charred boy, a photo and model of keloid damage, and the reality of a piece of clothing with a piece of glass stuck in its back from the blast.

　The damage caused by the atomic bomb was the result of the combined effects of the blast, heat rays (radiant heat), and radiation, resulting in the appearance of extremely complex symptoms. In particular, 96.7% of those exposed within 1 km of the bomb died of burns and 96.9% of those exposed to trauma, and 94.1% of the uninjured survivors died. The early deaths from the atomic bombs were caused not only by burns and trauma, but also by the added damage of the intense radiation.

　The radiation from an atomic bomb penetrates the human body and destroys various cells. The degree of damage depends on the amount of radiation exposed. Of those exposed within 1 km of the hypocenter, the majority of survivors died, even if they were uninjured. The destructive power of radiation was intense on cells. The damage to the human body was not limited to the time of the explosion; radiation also damaged cells deep within the body. Over time, various symptoms developed from radiation damage. It caused cancer, leukemia, cataracts, and other diseases.

　Keloids were caused by an overgrowth of scar tissue that forms to repair the wound surface after a burn from an atomic bomb burst. It is a condition in which the skin surface is covered with irregular bumps that resemble the shell and legs of a crab. It began to appear around four months after the bombing and became most prominent between six months and one year and two months after the bombing. It was most common among those who were exposed to the bomb at a distance of approximately 2 km from the hypocenter.

Kiyoshi Kikkawa, a 33-year-old man, was exposed to the atomic bomb in front of his home, about 1.5 km from the hypocenter, on August 6, 1945.

     The entire back of Kiyoshi Kikkawa, who still has keloidal burns from the heat of the Hiroshima atomic bomb, is photographed at Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital on April 30, 1947.Kiyoshi Kikkawa, a 33-year-old man, was exposed to the atomic bombing of Hiroshima City on August 6, 1945, in front of his home about 1.5 km away from the hypocenter. He was hospitalized at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital in February 1946 and underwent about 16 surgeries, including skin grafts, before being discharged in April 1951 while receiving public assistance. A photograph taken on April 30, 1947 was featured in Life magazine and other publications as "ATOMIC BOMB VICTIM NO. 1 KIKKAWA" (Atomic Bomb No. 1).

  The shoulder, arm, and back burned by the heat rays of the Hiroshima atomic bomb have raised flesh scars and keloids, and the surgical scars are fresh. Masaru Kuroishi (who died in 1990 at the age of 77), an X-ray technician at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital, took the photographs as a medical record before and after treatment under the direction of doctors. He began taking photographs of the pathological conditions of A-bombed patients at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital (now the Hiroshima Red Cross and Atomic Bomb Survivors Hospital) in October 1945, about two months after the atomic bombing by the U.S. military on August 6, 1945.

　Masaru Kuroishi's photography was also under the direction of Deputy Director Fumio Shigeto and his colleagues. He and his colleague Seiji Saito, a pathology technician, recorded the effects of the atomic bombing on the human body. Some patients at the hospital were so injured that they could not even be identified by gender. Fumio Shigeto, the director of the hospital, told me to take various photographs, but my conscience got the better of me and I couldn't do it." Despite his conflicted feelings, he took nearly 50 photographs as a medical record.

  In addition to the direct deaths of tens of thousands of people, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki resulted in a series of horrific consequences that have long characterized the entire region. Within a year of the atomic bombings, many people died from radiation and burns, and in the years that followed, many Japanese died of cancer and birth defects due to the radiation released by the very bombs.

In early October 1945, he was admitted to Hiroshima Army Hospital No. 1. Due to acute symptoms of radiation damage caused by exposure to the atomic bomb, most of the hair on his head had been lost from the front, sides, and back of his head.

 　Japanese Army soldiers exposed to the atomic bomb were interned at the camp for the injured of the Army Ship Training Department, located in Ujina, about 4 km south-southeast of the hypocenter of the Hiroshima atomic bomb, and in early October 1945, they were admitted to Hiroshima Army Hospital No. 1. Due to acute symptoms of radiation damage caused by exposure to the atomic bomb, most of the hair on their heads had been lost from the front, sides, and back of the head. The main symptoms of the third to fifth week of acute damage to the human body were hair loss, hemorrhage including purpura, and lower hemorrhage, causing death with general weakness.

　Ujina, Hiroshima, was a port area, more than 3 km from the hypocenter, and suffered relatively little damage from the atomic bomb. The people who had been exposed to the atomic bomb in Hiroshima rushed to this area, which had survived the fire. One of the facilities that provided aid to the injured in Ujina was the Army Ship Training Depot. The Army Ship Training Department was an organization that provided education and training in ship operation to army units, and was stationed in the confiscated Daiwa Spinners Hiroshima factory. Since the number of troops receiving training was constantly changing, the barracks were not always full. There was also a stockpile of food, so there was no shortage of meals for about 1,000 people. At 8:15 a.m. on August 6, an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, and although the building was slightly damaged by the explosion, it was not seriously damaged. About an hour later, the injured began to arrive. By 3:00 p.m. on August 6, several hundred A-bomb survivors had been admitted to the hospital. The Army Ship Training Department became what should be called a field camp. Many of the inmates were seriously ill with A-bomb disease, and from August 10 to mid-September, approximately 3,000 people died.

　The Army Ship Training Center, which had been a field camp, was reorganized by order of the Ship Command and became the Army Ship Training Center Temporary Field Hospital on August 12, and with the defeat of Japan on August 15, the military wartime system was liberated. On August 25, the nameplate of Hiroshima First Army Hospital Ujina Branch was hung. During this period, the Army Ministry Investigation Team entered the area on August 8, and the 2nd Investigation Team on August 14. Using the Ship Training Department as a base, they were engaged in the investigation of the atomic bombing.

At the Japanese Red Cross Hiroshima Hospital, in early October 1945, A-bomb survivor Toshiko Sasaki was treated for burns to the skin on her lower left leg at the Hiroshima Hospital of the Japanese Red Cross Society. The house had collapsed, and she suffered multiple wounds to her tibia, skull cracks, and soft tissues, especially in her left lower leg knee area, which was compressed by the beam material.

   At the Japanese Red Cross Hiroshima Hospital, Toshiko Sasaki, an atomic bomb survivor, was treated for burnt skin on her lower left leg around early October 1945 at the Japanese Red Cross Hiroshima Hospital. Toshiko Sasaki was exposed to the Hiroshima atomic bomb and received her injuries at Toyo Steel, 105 Tenma-cho, Hiroshima City. She was sitting on a chair at work when she saw the glow of the Hiroshima atomic bomb and sat down to sit down. The house collapsed, and he was compressed by a beam, especially in the knee area of the left lower limb, resulting in multiple wounds to the tibia, cracks in the skull, and soft tissues. She was admitted to Hiroshima Hospital of the Japanese Red Cross Society. There was no nerve damage, and automatic motion of the left thumb was possible, but severe contracture of the knee joint was observed. He was in passive position of the left lower limb due to pain during exercise. Blood test at the Japanese Red Cross Hospital showed that his white blood cell count was 6200.

　The Japanese Red Cross Hiroshima Hospital, which became the Hiroshima Army Hospital Red Cross Hospital during the war, was located in Sendamachi 1-chome, Naka-ku, Hiroshima City, 1.6 km south of the hypocenter. All wooden buildings on the site collapsed and were soon destroyed by fire. The main building, a three-story reinforced concrete structure, escaped destruction by fire. Steel window frames were destroyed and glass shattered into pieces. The interior of the building was also destroyed, with ceilings falling, walls crumbling, and chairs and desks toppling over, making it difficult to set foot inside.

　Shunkichi Kikuchi took photographs of A-bomb survivors. He graduated from the Oriental School of Photography in 1938 and joined Tokyo Kogeisha, and in 1941 joined the photography department of Tohosha. In October 1945, about two months after the atomic bombing, photographer Shunkichi Kikuchi accompanied an A-bomb documentary film accompanying a survey of the damage by experts and photographed a number of A-bomb survivors in Hiroshima City In September 1945, he accompanied a survey team organized by the Academic Research Council of the Ministry of Education to photograph the A-bombed city of Hiroshima. From October 1 to 20, 1945, he accompanied the documentary film production team of the Special Committee for Investigation and Research on the Atomic Bombing Disaster organized by the former Ministry of Education to take still photographs.

Exposed to the Hiroshima atomic bomb on August 6, 1945, the man's back began to develop keloids; in 1947, the Hiroshima atomic bomb burns left keloid scars on the man's back.

 広島原子爆弾に1945年8月6日に被爆して、男性の背中にはケロイドが発生してきた。1947年には、広島原子爆弾の火傷で男性の背中にケロイド状の傷跡が残存していた。生き残った被爆者には、ケロイド状の恐ろしい火傷を負った。極度の熱射でひどく焼かれて、特徴的なケロイド状の傷跡ができた。そのケロイドの瘢痕は最初の火傷よりも大きくなる。ケロイドは、原爆の被爆による火傷した皮膚が治癒する過程で形成された。不規則で異常に突出した瘢痕組織である。瘢痕が蟹の甲羅や足のように見えてケロイドと呼称された・爆心地から約2km以内の被爆者に多く見られ、ケロイドは被爆約4ヵ月後に形成され、その後に6～14ヵ月後に最も膨隆した。瘢痕は、被害者の皮膚が炸裂の初期閃光の熱に直接さらされた部位に形成された。ケロイドは被災者の心と体に永久的な傷跡を残した。顔にケロイドができた人は精神的な苦痛が大きく、背中や肩にケロイドができた人は肌を見せるのをためらった。夏でも長袖のシャツを着ている人が多かった。

　1945年8月6日、アメリカが広島に原爆を投下し、78,000人が即死した。生き残った人々は放射線病と重度の火傷を負い、街は完全に破壊された。広島に原子爆弾が投下された約1秒後に、直径約280メートルの巨大な火球が噴出した。その中心部の温度は摂氏約100万度を超えた。原子爆弾の爆発による熱線は、通過するすべてのものの表面温度を最悪で摂氏3,000度以上にも上昇させる。突然の急激な温度上昇は、周囲の空気を急速に膨張させ、音速を超える爆風を発生させた。爆風の背後の空間の気圧の低下により、進路にいる被爆者の眼球や内臓を破裂させるほど強力な逆流が発生した。爆心地から約1km以内のほとんどの被爆者は即死した。それよりも遠方の被爆者は、街の建物の破片を浴びせられた。

　爆発によって発生した放射線のほとんどはガンマ線で、その他10％は中性子線であった。どちらもDNAに変化をもたらす電離放射線の一種である。中性子の方がはるかに危険であった。広島原子爆弾の呼称であるリトルボーイの約64kgのウランの約10%は最初の核分裂反応によって食べ尽くされた。残りの約90%の放射性物質は爆風によって広島市内に撒き散らされた。その放射線被曝の結果、被爆者の多くは、嘔吐、発熱、疲労、歯ぐきからの出血、薄毛、下痢などの放射線症のは原爆病に襲われた。原爆病の苦しみ、最悪の場合は原爆病死に至った。生き延びた被爆者は、その後にがんのリスクが高まった。その子孫に異常が見られたという証拠は不明である。 

An 18-year-old male Japanese soldier was exposed to the Hiroshima atomic bomb near the outside of his barracks, approximately 900 meters from the hypocenter. He sustained third-degree localized burns on the posterior surfaces of his lower legs on both sides. The burns were complicated by typical flesh burns of exposed skin only.

　　An 18-year-old male Japanese soldier was exposed to the Hiroshima atomic bomb near the outside of his barracks, approximately 900 meters from the hypocenter. He sustained third-degree localized burns on the posterior surfaces of his lower legs on both sides. Complicated by typical flesh burns of only exposed skin, the 18-year-old male survivor was in the open air at a barracks approximately 900 meters from the hypocenter of the Hiroshima atomic bomb. The second-degree burns with keloid formation were partially healed. 18-year-old male Hibakusha was treated at the Ujina Branch of the First Hiroshima Army Hospital. He received third-degree burns with keloids a few days after the Hiroshima atomic bomb was dropped and exploded on August 6, 1945.

　This photo was taken in color by the U.S. military on October 24, 79 days after the Hiroshima bomb was dropped and exploded. Immediately after the war ended, the U.S. military confiscated photographic materials on the atomic bomb from Japan to the U.S. mainland. They were subsequently stored at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) for 28 years. About 20,000 items were returned to Japan in May 1973. The returned materials were divided into three main categories: pathology specimens, autopsy records, and photographs.

  Factors other than ionizing radiation from the atomic bombs, other injuries, filth, foul odors, and psychological factors contributed to seawater damage and vomiting. Symptoms of radiation injury were evidenced by their high incidence within the Hibakusha. The incidence of vomiting among survivors within approximately 1 km of the hypocenter was 35% in Hiroshima and 27% in Nagasaki; for survivors further than 5 km, the incidence was 1% and 2%, respectively. Similarly, anorexia occurred in 48% of survivors within about 1 km in Hiroshima and 37% in Nagasaki. The rates were 7% and 5%, respectively, for survivors living more than about 5 km away.

　The incidence of nausea, vomiting, and anorexia associated with distance from the hypocenter and shielding decreased steadily with distance. The incidence of survivors who were outdoors in the unshielded inner zone was fairly similar to that of survivors who were in heavy buildings. Many of the former may have been behind structures, and those who received heavy doses suffered fatal injuries. Vomiting is less common among survivors in air-raid shelters and tunnels. The incidence was much higher for those who were outdoors or in Japanese-style buildings within about 2 km, and for those in heavy buildings within about 1 km, than for survivors who were further away or in air-raid shelters or tunnels. The incidence of the condition was higher among men than among women, especially in the more heavily exposed cohort. The presence or absence of burns had no significant effect on nausea and vomiting among survivors.

 広島原子爆弾の爆心地から約900mの地点の兵舎外の付近で、18歳の男性の日本軍兵士が被爆した。両側の下腿後面には第3度の限局性熱傷を受傷した。露出した皮膚だけの典型的な肉やけどを合併した。18歳男性の被爆者は広島原子爆弾の爆心地から約900mの兵舎の野外にいた。ケロイドの形成を伴う第2度熱傷は部分的には治癒した。18歳男性の被爆者は、広島第一陸軍病院宇品分院で治療を受けた。広島原子爆弾が1945年8月6日に投下して炸裂した数日後にケロイドを伴う第3度熱傷を受傷した。

　この写真は広島原子爆弾が投下して炸裂した79日後の10月24日にアメリカ軍によってカラーで撮影された。終戦直後にアメリカ軍が原子爆弾の写真資料を日本からアメリカ本国に接収した。その後に28年間もアメリカ軍病理学研究所(AFIP: The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology)に保管された。約2万点もの資料が1973年5月に日本に返還された。返還された資料は、三つに大別された病理標本、解剖記録、写真等であった。

  原子爆弾の生体への影響は、原子爆弾の電離放射線以外の要因、他の傷害、不潔、悪臭、精神的要因などが、海水障害や嘔吐に関与した。放射線障害の症状は、被爆者内部での発生率の高さによって証明された。爆心地から約1km以内にいた被爆者の嘔吐の発生率は広島で35％、長崎で27％であった。5kmより遠かった被爆者の発生率はそれぞれ1％と2％であった。同様に、食欲不振は広島では約1km以内の被爆者の48％、長崎では37％にみられた。約5km以上ではそれぞれ7％と5％であった。

　爆心地からの距離と遮蔽に関連した吐き気、嘔吐、食欲不振の発生率は、距離とともに着実に減少した。屋外で遮蔽されない内側の区域にいた被爆者の罹患率は、重い建物内にいた被爆者の罹患率とかなり近似した。前者の多くは構造物の陰にいた可能性があり、重い線量を受けた人は致命的な損傷を受けた。防空壕やトンネル内の被爆者には嘔吐が少ない。約2km以内の屋外または日本式建物、約1km以内の重建築物にいた人の発症率は、それ以上離れた場所や防空壕やトンネル内にいた被爆者よりもはるかに高かった。その症状の発生率は、女性よりも男性で高く、特に被爆の多い集団で高かった。火傷の有無は、被爆者の吐き気と嘔吐に有意な影響を及ぼさなかった。

Shortly after 3:00 p.m. on August 10, 1945, the day after the Nagasaki atomic bomb was dropped and exploded, a nurse from the JRC No. 713 Rescue Team bandaged and dressed the burns on the face and arms of an atomic bomb survivor at a temporary relief station set up in front of Michinoo Station on the Nagasaki Main Line.

     Shortly after 3:00 p.m. on August 10, 1945, the day after the Nagasaki atomic bomb was dropped and exploded, a nurse bandaged and dressed the burns on the face and arms of an atomic bomb victim at a temporary first-aid station set up in front of Michinoo Station on the Nagasaki Main Line. Michinoo Station was located approximately 3.6 km north of the hypocenter. The nurse providing aid was a member of the Japanese Red Cross 713th Rescue Squad, which was formed by the Saga Prefecture branch of the Japanese Red Cross Society. The JRCS 713th Rescue Team left Saga City for Nagasaki City by train at around 4:30 a.m. on August 10.

　　The nurse in the photo is 19-year-old Nishikubo Kikuno (maiden name Tsurumaru), who was working at Saga Army Hospital at the time. On August 10, 1945, the day after she was exposed to the atomic bomb, Nishikubo Kikuno was photographed in a temporary relief station at Michinoo Station, where six photographs were taken by Yosuke Yamahata, a news photographer for the Japanese Army. In 1978, 21 years after the end of the war, his eldest son, who was attending college in Tokyo, died suddenly of leukemia at the young age of 21. She later quit her job as a nurse because she felt responsible for her eldest son's death from the atomic bombing because she had gone out to help with the relief efforts.

　After the atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, rescue teams were dispatched from within Nagasaki Prefecture and from other prefectures. Because the entire area of Nagasaki City was destroyed, the small Michinoo Station on the Nagasaki Main Line became the frontline station for rescuing and transporting A-bomb survivors. Located about 3.5 km from the hypocenter, Michinoo Station was partially walled off and window glass shattered when the Nagasaki atomic bomb exploded. The Michino-o Station building was not severely damaged, and a temporary relief station was set up in the plaza in front of the station to serve as the starting point for relief trains on the Nagasaki Main Line. The temporary relief station was filled with dying A-bomb survivors. At the temporary relief station at Michinoo Station, about 200 A-bomb survivors were housed in two rather overhanging huts. The total number of people transported by the relief train amounted to about 3,500. The lines waiting for their turn to board the train never stopped, and both the platform and the plaza at Michinoeki were filled with A-bomb survivors.